Journal of the American College of Radiology
Volume 3, Issue 12 , Pages 924-931 , December 2006

Facts and Controversies About Radiation Exposure, Part 1: Controlling Unnecessary Radiation Exposures

  • Jadwiga (Jodi) Strzelczyk, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colo.
    • ,
  • John Damilakis, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Physics, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
    • ,
  • M. Victoria Marx, MD

      Affiliations

    • Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
    • ,
  • Katarzyna J. Macura, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author and reprints: Katarzyna J. Macura, MD, PhD, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Department of Radiology, 600 N Wolf Street, BLA-B 179 RAD, Baltimore, MD 21287

References 

  1. Mould RF. A century of x-rays and radioactivity in medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Institute of Physics Publishing; 1993;
  2. Stevens LG. Injurious effects on the skin. BMJ. 1896;1:998
  3. Strzelczyk J. Radiogenic health effects. In:  Kappas C, et al. editor. Proceedings of VI International Conference on Medical Physics in Patras (Greece), 1999. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore; 2000;p. 315–322
  4. Jaworowski Z. Beneficial radiation and regulations. In: Proceedings of ICONE 8—8th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, Baltimore, Md, April 2000.
  5. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Exposures and effects of the Chernobyl accident. Vienna, Austria: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; 1999;
  6. Davis S, Stepanenko V, Rivkind N, et al. Risk of thyroid cancer in the Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation after the Chernobyl power station accident. Radiat Res. 2004;162:241–248
  7. Cardis E, Kesminiene A, Ivanov V, et al. Risk of thyroid cancer after exposure to 131-I in childhood. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:724–732
  8. The Chernobyl Forum. Chernobyl’s legacy: health, environmental and socio-economic impacts & recommendations to the governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. New York, NY: United Nations; 2006;
  9. Grigg ERN. Listen to the birds of Chernobyl—they may be making a case for nuclear power (The Independent UK). 2006;April 7
  10. Grigg ERN. The trail of the invisible light. Springfield, Ill: Charles C. Thomas; 1965;
  11. International Radiation Protection Committee. Managing patient dose in computed tomography (IRPC Publication 87). Ann IRCP. 2000;30(4):
  12. Linton OW, Mettler FA. National conference on dose reduction in CT, with an emphasis on pediatric patients. Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:321–329
  13. Patz EF, Black WC, Goodman PC. CT screening for lung cancer: not ready for routine practice. Radiology. 2001;221:592–596
  14. Brenner DJ. Radiation risks potentially associated with low-dose CT screening of adult smokers for lung cancer. Radiology. 2004;231:440–445
  15. Tzedakis A, Damilakis J, Persinakis K, et al. The effect of z overscanning on patient effective dose from multidetector helical computed tomography examinations. Med Phys. 2005;32:1621–1629
  16. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, volume 2 effects: annex G. (Biological effects at low doses). New York, NY: United Nations; 2000;
  17. Berrington A, Darby SC, Weiss HA, et al. 100 years of observation on British radiologists: mortality from cancer and other causes 1897-1997. Br J Radiol. 2001;74:507–519
  18. Wagner LK, McNeese MD, Marx MV, et al. Severe skin reactions from interventional fluoroscopy: case report and review of the literature. Radiology. 1999;213:773–776
  19. Cameron JR. Radiation increased the longevity of British radiologists. Br J Radiol. 2002;75:637–640
  20. Cameron JR. Longevity is the most appropriate measure of health effects of radiation. Radiology. 2003;229:14–15
  21. Matanoski GM, Sternberg A, Elliot EA. Does radiation exposure produce a protective effect in radiologists?. Health Phys. 1987;52:637–643
  22. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Mortality patterns in British and US radiologists. BMJ. 2003;76:1–2
  23. Shope TB. Radiation-induced skin injuries from fluoroscopy. RadioGraphics. 1996;16:1195–1199
  24. US Food and Drug Administration. Public health advisory: avoidance of serious x-ray induced skin injuries to patient during fluoroscopicallyguided procedures. Rockville, Md: Center for Devices and Radiological Health; 1994;
  25. Miller DL, Balter S, Cole PE, et al. Radiation doses in interventional radiology procedures: the RAD-IR study (Part I: overall measures of dose). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:711–727
  26. Miller DL, Balter S, Cole PE, et al. Radiation doses in interventional radiology procedures: the RAD-IR study (Part II: skin dose). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:977–990
  27. Cardella J, Casarella WJ, DeWesse JA, et al. Optimal resources for the examination and endovascular treatment of the peripheral and visceral vascular systems. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2003;14:S517–S530
  28. National Cancer InstituteSociety of Interventional Radiology. Interventional fluoroscopy: reducing risks for patients and staff (National Institutes of Health Publication No. 05-5286). Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health; 2005;
  29. Wagner LK, Archer BR, Cohen AM. Management of patient skin dose in fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2000;11:25–33
  30. Niklason LT, Marx MV, Chan HP. Interventional radiologists: occupational radiation doses and risks. Radiology. 1993;187:729–733
  31. Vano E, Gonzalez L, Beneytez F, et al. Lens injuries induced by occupational exposure in non-optimized interventional radiology laboratories. Br J Radiol. 1998;71:728–733
  32. Junk A, Haskal Z, Machan L, Worgul B. Cataract in interventional radiology—an occupation hazard? (Late breaking abstract presented at 24th annual scientific meeting of the Society of Interventional Radiology). J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15:654
  33. Kelsey CA, Mettler FA. Flexible protective gloves: the emperor’s new clothes?. Radiology. 1990;174:275–276
  34. Wagner LK, Mulhern OR. Radiation-attenuating surgical gloves: effects of scatter and secondary electron production. Radiology. 1996;200:45–48
  35. King JN, Champlin AM, Kelsey CA, et al. Using a sterile disposable protective surgical drape for reduction of radiation exposure to interventionalists. Am J Roentgenol. 2002;178:153–157
  36. Marx MV, Niklason LT, Mauger EA. Occupational radiation exposure to interventional radiologists: a prospective study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1992;3:597–606
  37. Balter S, Sones FM, Brancato R. Radiation exposure to the operator performing cardiac angiography with U-arm systems. Circulation. 1978;58:925–932
  38. Bush WH, Jones D, Brannen GE. Radiation dose to personnel during percutaneous renal calculus removal. Am J Roentgenol. 1985;145:1261–1264
  39. Vehmas T. Radiation exposure during standard and complex interventional procedures. Br J Radiol. 1997;70:296–298
  40. Hayashi N, Sakai T, Kitagawa M, et al. Radiation exposure to interventional radiologists during manual-injection digital subtraction angiography. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 1998;21:240–243
  41. Tryhus M, Mettler FA, Kelsey C. The radiologist and angiographic procedures: absorbed radiation dose. Invest Radiol. 1987;22:747–750
  42. Niklason LT, Marx MV, Chan HP. The estimation of occupational effective dose in diagnostic radiology with two dosimeters. Health Phys. 1994;67:611–615
  43. Dawson P. Patient dose in multislice CT: why is it increasing and does it matter?. Br J Radiol. 2004;77:S10–S13

PII: S1546-1440(06)00397-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jacr.2006.07.009

Journal of the American College of Radiology
Volume 3, Issue 12 , Pages 924-931 , December 2006

Article Tools